The Mường people are an indigenous ethnic group in northern Vietnam, primarily residing in Hòa Bình, Phú Thọ, and Thanh Hóa provinces. With a population of approximately 1.45 million, they are the third-largest ethnic minority in the country. The Mường share ancestral roots with the Vietnamese (Kinh) people, both descending from the ancient Viet-Muong branch of the Vietic ethnolinguistic group within the Austroasiatic language family.
Homeland and Cultural Heartlands
Hòa Bình province is considered the cultural cradle of the Mường people. Within this region, four ancient Mường areas—Mường Bi, Mường Vang, Mường Thàng, and Mường Động—are recognized for their rich cultural heritage. These areas have preserved traditional customs, rituals, and folklore that are integral to Mường identity.
Mo Mường: Epic Oral Traditions
A cornerstone of Mường cultural heritage is the Mo Mường, a collection of epic tales and ritual chants passed down orally through generations. These narratives encompass myths, legends, and historical accounts that reflect the Mường worldview and societal values. One prominent epic, "The Birth of the Land – The Birth of Water," narrates the creation of the world and human society, serving both as a spiritual guide and a repository of communal knowledge.
Mo Mường performances are conducted by shamans, known as "thầy mo," during significant ceremonies such as funerals, housewarmings, and prayers for peace. These rituals are not only spiritual practices but also cultural expressions that integrate music, poetry, and theatrical elements.
Beliefs and Spiritual Practices
The Mường practice a form of animism, venerating ancestral spirits and various deities associated with natural elements. Each household typically maintains an altar to honor ancestors, reflecting the deep-rooted belief in the spiritual presence of forebears. Shamans play a pivotal role in mediating between the human and spiritual realms, conducting rituals to ensure harmony and well-being.
Ba Vì seamlessly blends natural splendor with rich cultural narratives and historical depth, making it a unique destination for those interested in Vietnam's heritage and natural landscapes.
Cultural Expressions
Mường culture is vividly expressed through traditional attire, music, dance, and festivals. Women often wear intricately embroidered garments, while men don simple yet symbolic clothing. Festivals are occasions for communal gatherings, featuring folk songs, dances, and games that reinforce social bonds and cultural continuity.
Efforts have been made to preserve and promote Mường cultural heritage. In 2016, the Mo Mường tradition was inscribed into Vietnam’s list of National Intangible Cultural Heritages, acknowledging its significance in the nation's cultural tapestry.
The Mường people's rich history, vibrant culture, and profound spiritual traditions contribute significantly to Vietnam's diverse ethnic mosaic. Their commitment to preserving their heritage ensures that their unique identity continues to thrive in the modern era.